Qing Dynasty

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• Taksi · 1543–1583 · Hetu Ala, China → Gure, China — Jurchen chieftain of the Aisin Gioro clan and father of Nurhaci; killed at the siege of Gure during a Ming campaign, the death that set his son on the path to unify the Jurchens. Posthumously honoured as Emperor Xian (Xianzu).
• Nurhaci · 1559–09/30/1626 · Hetu Ala, China → Shenyang, China — Founder of the dynasty, who united the Jurchen tribes, organised them under the Eight Banners, and proclaimed the Later Jin in 1616 (reigned 1616–1626). Posthumously the Taizu Emperor; his line would conquer China as the Qing.
• Monggo Jerjer Yehe-Nara · 1575–10/31/1603 · Yehe, China → China — Principal consort of Nurhaci, of the Yehe-Nara clan, and mother of Hong Taiji; posthumously honoured as Empress Xiaocigao.
• Hong Taiji · 11/28/1592–09/21/1643 · Hetu Ala, China → Shenyang, China — Eighth son of Nurhaci and second ruler (reigned 1626–1643); in 1636 he renamed the dynasty Qing and the people Manchu, building the state his heirs would carry into Beijing. Posthumously the Taizong Emperor.
• Bumbutai Borjigit · 03/28/1613–01/27/1688 · Khorchin, China → Beijing, China — Khorchin Mongol consort of Hong Taiji and mother of the Shunzhi Emperor; as Grand Empress Dowager she steered the court and mentored her grandson Kangxi. Posthumously Empress Xiaozhuangwen.
• Shunzhi · 03/15/1638–02/05/1661 · Shenyang, China → Beijing, China — Personal name Fulin; ninth son of Hong Taiji and the first Qing emperor to rule from Beijing after the Manchu entered the city in 1644 (reigned 1643–1661). Posthumously the Shizu Emperor.
• Tunggiya · 1640–03/20/1663 · China → Beijing, China — Consort of the Shunzhi Emperor, of the Tunggiya clan, and mother of the Kangxi Emperor; posthumously honoured as Empress Xiaokangzhang.
• Kangxi · 05/04/1654–12/20/1722 · Beijing, China → Beijing, China — Personal name Xuanye; third son of Shunzhi and, at sixty-one years, the longest-reigning emperor in Chinese history (1661–1722). He consolidated Qing rule, but the failure of his crown prince opened a bitter contest among his sons. Posthumously the Shengzu Emperor.
• Uya · 04/28/1660–06/25/1723 · China → Beijing, China — Consort of the Kangxi Emperor, of the Uya clan, and mother of the Yongzheng Emperor; posthumously honoured as Empress Xiaogongren.
• Yinreng · 06/06/1674–01/27/1725 · Beijing, China → Beijing, China — Second son of Kangxi and the only Qing heir ever formally named Crown Prince; twice installed and twice deposed, his fall set off the war among Kangxi's sons that the fourth son, the future Yongzheng Emperor, ultimately won.
• Yongzheng · 12/13/1678–10/08/1735 · Beijing, China → Beijing, China — Personal name Yinzhen; fourth son of Kangxi (reigned 1722–1735). A relentless administrator, he centralised power and reformed the fisc, leaving a full treasury to his son Qianlong. Posthumously the Shizong Emperor.
• Niohuru · 11/05/1692–03/02/1777 · China → Beijing, China — Consort of the Yongzheng Emperor, of the Niohuru clan, and mother of the Qianlong Emperor; honoured for decades as Empress Dowager and posthumously as Empress Xiaoshengxian.
• Qianlong · 09/25/1711–02/07/1799 · Beijing, China → Beijing, China — Personal name Hongli; fourth son of Yongzheng (reigned 1735–1796). Under him the Qing reached its greatest extent and wealth; he abdicated after sixty years so as not to outreign his grandfather Kangxi, but kept power until his death. Posthumously the Gaozong Emperor.
• Consort Ling Weigiya · 10/23/1727–02/28/1775 · China → Beijing, China — Favourite consort of the Qianlong Emperor, of the Weigiya clan, and mother of the Jiaqing Emperor; posthumously raised to Empress Xiaoyichun.
• Jiaqing · 11/13/1760–09/02/1820 · Beijing, China → Chengde, China — Personal name Yongyan; fifteenth son of Qianlong (reigned 1796–1820). He inherited an empire hollowed by the corruption of the favourite Heshen, whom he purged; he died at the summer capital of Chengde. Posthumously the Renzong Emperor.
• Hitara · 10/02/1760–03/05/1797 · China → Beijing, China — Principal consort of the Jiaqing Emperor, of the Hitara clan, and mother of the Daoguang Emperor; posthumously honoured as Empress Xiaoshurui.
• Daoguang · 09/16/1782–02/25/1850 · Beijing, China → Beijing, China — Personal name Minning; second son of Jiaqing (reigned 1820–1850). His reign was broken by the First Opium War and the 1842 Treaty of Nanking that ceded Hong Kong — the start of the dynasty's long decline. Posthumously the Xuanzong Emperor.
• Niohuru (Quan) · 03/24/1808–02/13/1840 · China → Beijing, China — Empress of the Daoguang Emperor, of the Niohuru clan, and mother of the Xianfeng Emperor; she died young and was posthumously honoured as Empress Xiaoquancheng.
• Xianfeng · 07/17/1831–08/22/1861 · Beijing, China → Chengde, China — Personal name Yizhu; fourth son of Daoguang (reigned 1850–1861). His reign was consumed by the Taiping Rebellion and the Second Opium War; he fled the Anglo-French sack of the Summer Palace to Chengde, where he died. Posthumously the Wenzong Emperor.
• Cixi Yehe-Nara · 11/29/1835–11/15/1908 · Beijing, China → Beijing, China — Consort of the Xianfeng Emperor and mother of the Tongzhi Emperor; as Empress Dowager she was the de facto ruler of China for almost half a century (1861–1908), twice choosing a boy-emperor to keep the regency in her hands.
• Yixuan · 10/16/1840–01/01/1891 · Beijing, China → Beijing, China — Seventh son of the Daoguang Emperor and Prince Chun; brother-in-law to Cixi, he became father of the Guangxu Emperor and grandfather of Puyi — the collateral line through which the throne passed once Tongzhi died heirless.
• Wanzhen Yehe-Nara · 1841–06/18/1896 · Beijing, China → Beijing, China — Wife of Prince Chun (Yixuan) and younger sister of Empress Dowager Cixi; mother of the Guangxu Emperor, whom Cixi chose as heir partly to keep the succession within her own Yehe-Nara family.
• Tongzhi · 04/27/1856–01/12/1875 · Beijing, China → Beijing, China — Personal name Zaichun; only surviving son of Xianfeng and Cixi (reigned 1861–1875). He died of smallpox at eighteen without an heir, ending the main imperial line and forcing his mother to reach into a collateral branch for a successor. Posthumously the Muzong Emperor.
• Guangxu · 08/14/1871–11/14/1908 · Beijing, China → Beijing, China — Personal name Zaitian; son of Prince Chun, adopted as heir to the Xianfeng Emperor and enthroned at three by Cixi (reigned 1875–1908). After his 1898 Hundred Days' Reform she put him under palace arrest; he died one day before her, probably of arsenic poisoning. Posthumously the Dezong Emperor.
• Zaifeng · 02/12/1883–02/03/1951 · Beijing, China → Beijing, China — Son of Prince Chun (Yixuan), the second Prince Chun and father of Puyi; he served as Prince-Regent for his infant son from 1908 until the 1911 revolution swept the dynasty away.
• Youlan Guwalgiya · 1884–1921 · Beijing, China → Beijing, China — Wife of Prince-Regent Zaifeng, of the Guwalgiya clan and daughter of the powerful minister Ronglu; mother of Puyi, the Last Emperor.
• Puyi · 02/07/1906–10/17/1967 · Beijing, China → Beijing, China — The Xuantong Emperor and last emperor of China; enthroned at two and adopted as heir to both Tongzhi and Guangxu, he abdicated in February 1912 (reigned 1908–1912). Later the puppet ruler of Japanese Manchukuo, he died a private citizen of the People's Republic in Beijing.