Ming Dynasty

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• Zhu Yuanzhang · 10/21/1328–06/24/1398 · Fengyang, China → Nanjing, China — Founder and first emperor of the Ming dynasty (reigned 1368–1398); orphaned by famine and once a begging monk, he rose through the Red Turban rebellion to drive out the Mongol Yuan and rebuild a Han Chinese empire. Reign name Hongwu; posthumously the Taizu Emperor.
• Empress Ma · 1332–09/23/1382 · China → Nanjing, China — Wife of the Hongwu Emperor, married before his rise; remembered as a wise and humane empress who tempered her husband's severity, she was the mother of the crown prince Zhu Biao.
• Zhu Biao · 1355–05/17/1392 · China → Nanjing, China — Eldest son of Hongwu and his crown prince for twenty-five years; his early death in 1392 upset the succession, for his father passed the throne to Zhu Biao's young son rather than to a grown prince.
• Zhu Di · 05/02/1360–08/12/1424 · Nanjing, China → Yumuchuan, China — Fourth son of Hongwu and Prince of Yan; he seized the throne from his nephew in the three-year Jingnan civil war and reigned as the Yongle Emperor (1402–1424), moving the capital to Beijing, building the Forbidden City and sending Zheng He's fleets across the Indian Ocean. He died on campaign against the Mongols. Posthumously the Chengzu Emperor.
• Empress Xu · 1362–08/06/1407 · China → Nanjing, China — Wife of the Yongle Emperor and daughter of the great general Xu Da; she was the mother of the Hongxi Emperor and wrote instructional texts for the women of the court.
• Zhu Yunwen · 12/05/1377 · Nanjing, China → China — Grandson of Hongwu and son of the dead crown prince Zhu Biao; enthroned over his uncles as the Jianwen Emperor (reigned 1398–1402), he was overthrown by his uncle Zhu Di and vanished in the burning palace at Nanjing, his fate never confirmed.
• Zhu Gaochi · 08/16/1378–05/29/1425 · Nanjing, China → Beijing, China — Eldest son of Yongle; a stout, scholarly and merciful ruler, he reigned less than a year as the Hongxi Emperor (1424–1425) but reversed his father's harsher policies. Posthumously the Renzong Emperor.
• Zhu Gaoxu · 1380–1426 · China → Beijing, China — Second son of Yongle, a fierce warrior who expected the throne for his service in the civil war; passed over for his elder brother, he rebelled against his nephew the Xuande Emperor in 1426 and was captured and put to death.
• Zhu Zhanji · 03/16/1399–01/31/1435 · Beijing, China → Beijing, China — Son of Hongxi; the Xuande Emperor (reigned 1425–1435), a gifted painter whose reign with his father's is remembered as a golden age of Ming peace and good rule. Posthumously the Xuanzong Emperor.
• Zhu Qizhen · 11/29/1427–02/23/1464 · Beijing, China → Beijing, China — Son of Xuande; captured by the Mongols in the disastrous Tumu crisis of 1449, he was replaced by his brother, held prisoner, returned, and finally retook the throne in a palace coup, reigning twice as the Zhengtong and then Tianshun Emperor. Posthumously the Yingzong Emperor.
• Zhu Qiyu · 09/21/1428–03/14/1457 · Beijing, China → Beijing, China — Younger son of Xuande, raised to the throne as the Jingtai Emperor (reigned 1449–1457) when his brother was captured at Tumu; he steadied the dynasty but was deposed when his brother returned and died soon after under a cloud. Posthumously honoured only late as Emperor Jing.
• Consort Wan · 1430–1487 · China → Beijing, China — Childhood nurse and then the dominant consort of the Chenghua Emperor, seventeen years his senior; she ruled the inner palace for decades and was rumoured to have destroyed rival consorts' children to guard her place.
• Zhu Jianshen · 12/09/1447–09/09/1487 · Beijing, China → Beijing, China — Son of Zhengtong; the Chenghua Emperor (reigned 1464–1487), whose reign was overshadowed by his lifelong devotion to the much older Consort Wan and by the rise of the eunuch secret police. Posthumously the Xianzong Emperor.
• Zhu Youtang · 07/30/1470–06/08/1505 · Beijing, China → Beijing, China — Son of Chenghua and the hidden Consort Ji; the Hongzhi Emperor (reigned 1487–1505), a diligent and frugal ruler famous for taking only one wife, whose Hongzhi era was a late-Ming revival. Posthumously the Xiaozong Emperor.
• Zhu Shizhen · ?–1344 · Fengyang, China → Fengyang, China — A poor tenant farmer of Fengyang and father of Zhu Yuanzhang; he died of famine and plague in 1344, the catastrophe that drove his surviving son into a monastery and then into rebellion. Posthumously honoured as Emperor Chun.
• Empress Zhang · ?–11/20/1442 · China → Beijing, China — Wife of the Hongxi Emperor and mother of the Xuande Emperor; as grand dowager she effectively guided the government during her grandson's minority, one of the most respected women of the early Ming.
• Empress Sun · ?–09/26/1462 · China → Beijing, China — Consort and later empress of the Xuande Emperor and mother of the Zhengtong Emperor; during the Tumu crisis she backed a younger son's enthronement to steady the throne while her captured son was held by the Mongols.
• Consort Ji · ?–1475 · China → Beijing, China — A palace woman of the Yao people and mother of the Hongzhi Emperor; she hid her son's birth from the jealous Consort Wan and died suddenly soon after the boy was revealed to his father, probably murdered.