Song Dynasty

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इस पारिवारिक वृक्ष में लोग

• Zhao Hongyin · 899–956 · Zhuozhou, China → Kaifeng, China — A general of the Later Zhou and father of the founders Taizu and Taizong; posthumously honoured as Emperor Xuanzu, the patriarch of the imperial House of Zhao.
• Dowager Du · 902–961 · Kaifeng, China — Wife of Zhao Hongyin and mother of both Emperor Taizu and Emperor Taizong; tradition credits her with the Golden Casket Covenant, the deathbed pact said to have willed the throne to her second son — the supposed justification for the succession of Taizong.
• Taizu · 03/21/927–11/14/976 · Luoyang, China → Kaifeng, China — Founder of the Song (reigned 960–976); raised to the throne by his troops in the Chenqiao mutiny, he reunified most of China and famously disarmed his generals at a banquet, the episode remembered as releasing military command with a cup of wine. Posthumously Emperor Taizu.
• Taizong · 11/20/939–05/08/997 · Kaifeng, China → Kaifeng, China — Younger brother of Taizu who succeeded him in 976 (reigned 976–997) amid the unsolved court mystery of the candlelight shadow and the axe sound; he completed the reunification but lost the campaigns to retake the north. Posthumously Emperor Taizong.
• Zhenzong · 12/23/968–03/23/1022 · Kaifeng, China → Kaifeng, China — Son of Taizong (reigned 997–1022); after a Liao invasion he sealed the Chanyuan Treaty of 1004, buying a century of peace with annual tribute. Posthumously Emperor Zhenzong.
• Zhao Yuanfen · 969–1005 · Kaifeng, China → Kaifeng, China — A son of Emperor Taizong, ennobled Prince of Shang; through his line the throne would pass when Renzong died childless. Grandfather of Emperor Yingzong.
• Zhao Yunrang · 995–1059 · Kaifeng, China → Kaifeng, China — Grandson of Taizong and Prince of Pu; the biological father of Emperor Yingzong, whose posthumous honours later ignited the long court dispute known as the Pu Debate.
• Renzong · 05/30/1010–04/30/1063 · Kaifeng, China → Kaifeng, China — Son of Zhenzong and the longest-reigning Song emperor (1022–1063); his mild, scholarly reign is remembered as a cultural high point, but he outlived his sons and died without an heir. Posthumously Emperor Renzong.
• Yingzong · 02/16/1032–01/25/1067 · Kaifeng, China → Kaifeng, China — Great-grandson of Taizong, adopted by the heirless Renzong and raised to the throne in 1063 (reigned 1063–1067); his accession turned the succession onto a collateral branch of the House of Zhao. Posthumously Emperor Yingzong.
• Shenzong · 05/25/1048–04/01/1085 · Kaifeng, China → Kaifeng, China — Son of Yingzong (reigned 1067–1085); he backed the sweeping New Policies of Wang Anshi, the reforms that split the court into rival factions for generations. Posthumously Emperor Shenzong.
• Huizong · 11/02/1082–06/04/1135 · Kaifeng, China → Wuguocheng, China — Son of Shenzong (reigned 1100–1126), a gifted painter, calligrapher, and patron whose neglect of government left the Song defenceless; captured by the Jin in 1127, he died a prisoner at Wuguocheng in the far northeast. Posthumously Emperor Huizong.
• Qinzong · 05/23/1100–1161 · Kaifeng, China → Yanjing, China — Son of Huizong, to whom he abdicated as the Jin armies closed in (reigned 1126–1127); taken north with his father in the Jingkang Incident of 1127, he died decades later in captivity — the fall that ended the Northern Song.
• Gaozong · 06/12/1107–11/09/1187 · Kaifeng, China → Hangzhou, China — Son of Huizong who escaped the Jingkang catastrophe and refounded the dynasty as the Southern Song at Lin'an (Hangzhou) in 1127 (reigned 1127–1162); he made peace with the Jin and had the patriot general Yue Fei put to death. Posthumously Emperor Gaozong.
• Xiaozong · 11/27/1127–06/28/1194 · Xiuzhou, China → Hangzhou, China — A seventh-generation descendant of Taizu, adopted by the sonless Gaozong (reigned 1162–1189); his accession returned the throne to the line of the founder after two centuries in the line of Taizong. Posthumously Emperor Xiaozong, often judged the ablest Southern Song ruler.
• Guangzong · 09/30/1147–09/17/1200 · Hangzhou, China → Hangzhou, China — Son of Xiaozong (reigned 1189–1194); a sickly, dominated ruler whose estrangement from his father destabilised the court and forced his own abdication. Posthumously Emperor Guangzong.
• Ningzong · 11/19/1168–09/18/1224 · Hangzhou, China → Hangzhou, China — Son of Guangzong (reigned 1194–1224); his reign was run by powerful chancellors, and having lost his sons he left the succession to be settled by his ministers. Posthumously Emperor Ningzong.
• Lizong · 01/26/1205–11/16/1264 · Shaoxing, China → Hangzhou, China — A distant clansman adopted as the heir of Ningzong (reigned 1224–1264); during his reign the Song allied with the Mongols to destroy the Jin, only to face the Mongols themselves. Posthumously Emperor Lizong.
• Duzong · 05/02/1240–08/12/1274 · Hangzhou, China → Hangzhou, China — Nephew of the heirless Lizong and his adopted heir (reigned 1264–1274); a pleasure-loving ruler under whom the Mongol conquest broke through at the siege of Xiangyang. Posthumously Emperor Duzong.
• Duanzong · 07/10/1269–05/08/1278 · Hangzhou, China → Gangzhou, China — Young son of Duzong, proclaimed emperor by loyalists fleeing south after the capital fell (reigned 1276–1278); he died of illness on the run along the Guangdong coast, still pursued by the Mongol fleet.
• Gongdi · 11/02/1271–1323 · Hangzhou, China → China — Child son of Duzong who reigned 1274–1276 before surrendering Lin'an to the Mongols; sent north and later to Tibet as a monk, he was finally put to death in 1323 — the emperor who handed over the capital.
• Zhao Bing · 02/12/1272–03/19/1279 · Hangzhou, China → Yamen, China — Last emperor of the Song, enthroned as a child by the remnant loyalists (reigned 1278–1279); after the fleet was destroyed at the Battle of Yamen, the minister Lu Xiufu carried the eight-year-old emperor on his back into the sea, ending the dynasty.